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==Pupillary responce==
Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. This response results in either constriction (miosis),<ref>Ellis CJ (November 1981). "The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects" (PDF). Br J Ophthalmol 65 (11): 754–9. </ref> narrowing the pupil, or dilation (mydriasis), widening the pupil. Dilation of the pupil occurs when the smooth cells of the radial muscle, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), contract. Constriction of the pupil occurs when the circular muscle, controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), contracts.
The responses can have a variety of causes, from an involuntary reflex reaction to exposure or inexposure to light — in low light conditions a dilated pupil lets more light into the eye — or it may indicate interest in the subject of attention, or sexual stimulation<ref>"Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli", Science 132 (3423), 5 August 1960: 349–50,</ref>. The pupils contract immediately before someone falls asleep<ref>"Pupillary Movements During Acute and Chronic Fatigue: A New Test for the Objective Evaluation of Tiredness" (PDF), Investigative Ophthalmology (St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company) 2 (2), April 1963: 138–157</ref>. A pupillary response can be intentionally conditioned as a Pavlovian response to some stimuli<ref>Baker, Lynn Erland (1938). "The Pupillary Response Conditioned to Subliminal Auditory Stimuli". Ohio State University.</ref>
The latency of pupillary response (the time in which it takes to occur) increases with age<ref>Latency of pupillary reflex to light stimulation and its relationship to aging (PDF), Federal Aviation Agency, Office of Aviation Medicine, Georgetown Clinical Research Institute, September 1965, p. 12,</ref>. Use of central nervous system stimulant drugs and some hallucinogenic drugs can cause dilation of the pupil<ref>Jaanus SD (1992), "Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs", Optom Clin 2 (4): 73–96,</ref>.
In ophthalmology, intensive studies of pupillary response are conducted via videopupillometry<ref>"A new videopupillography", Ophthalmologica 160 (4), 1970: 248–259, doi:10.1159/000305996, PMID 5439164</ref>.
Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated than the other.
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Pupillary responses
|
! Constriction !! Dilation
|-
! Muscular mechanism
| Relaxation of [[iris dilator muscle]] || Activation of [[iris dilator muscle]]
|-
! Cause in [[pupillary light reflex]]
| Increased light || Decreased light
|-
! Other physiological causes
| [[Accommodation reflex]] || [[Fight-or-flight response]]
|-
! Corresponding non-physiological state
| [[Miosis]] || [[Mydriasis]]
|}
==Task-invoked pupillary response==