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Corruption is negatively correlated with investment and political stability<ref>Paolo Mauro, 1995, Corruption and growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics</ref>
C = R+D-A<ref>Klitgaard 1998</ref>
In the above equation, C stands for corruption, R for economic rent, D for
discretionary powers, and A for accountability. The equation states that the more
opportunities for economic rent (R) exist in a country, the larger will be the corruption.
Similarly, the greater the discretionary powers (D) granted to administrators, the greater
will be the corruption. However, the more administrators are held accountable (A)
for their actions, the less will be the corruption, and hence a minus sign in front
of A.1
==References==