Difference between revisions of "System 1"
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The automatic System (AS) also known as system 1. It excels in integrating information about single thing, but does not deal with several objects simultaneously. It uses broad relations like "all Xs are Y" or "X is higher then Y". It is good at habitual thinking and fast thinking<ref>Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36</ref>.. | The automatic System (AS) also known as system 1. It excels in integrating information about single thing, but does not deal with several objects simultaneously. It uses broad relations like "all Xs are Y" or "X is higher then Y". It is good at habitual thinking and fast thinking<ref>Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36</ref>.. | ||
| − | It is part of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory two systems of decision making], the first is the automatic-system([[system 1]]) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the [[ECS]] which produce reasoning. The term system-1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West<ref>Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.</ref> | + | It is part of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory two systems of decision making], the first is the automatic-system([[system 1]]) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the [[ECS]] which produce reasoning. The term system-1 and [[system 2]] was given by Stanovich and West<ref>Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.</ref> |
| − | Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? system | + | Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? [[system 2]]) and implicit (?system-1) decision making is done<ref>[http://www.oxcns.org/papers/495_Grabenhorst%20and%20Rolls%202011%20Value,%20pleasure,%20and%20choice%20in%20the%20ventral%20prefrontal%20cortex%20TICS.pdf Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67]([http://www.talyaron.com/wiki/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8:_Value,_pleasure_and_choice_in_the_ventral_prefrontal_cortex_-_2011 summery])</ref>. System-1 is handeld by the basal ganglia, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC<ref>Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244</ref><ref>Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69</ref>. |
| + | it seems that [[intuition]] is based on [[system 1]] | ||
==Characteristics of System 1== | ==Characteristics of System 1== | ||
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* overweights low probabilities. | * overweights low probabilities. | ||
* shows diminishing sensitivity to quantity (psychophysics)1 | * shows diminishing sensitivity to quantity (psychophysics)1 | ||
| − | * responds more strongly to losses than to gains (loss aversion)1 | + | * responds more strongly to losses than to gains ([[loss aversion]])1 |
* frames decision problems narrowly, in isolation from one another. | * frames decision problems narrowly, in isolation from one another. | ||
* Compare rather then give real values. Usualy compare to the first observd value (Anchor effect). | * Compare rather then give real values. Usualy compare to the first observd value (Anchor effect). | ||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
==Effects== | ==Effects== | ||
| + | People tend to use system 2 for material purchases, while using system 1 for experiential purchasing<ref>[http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v43/acr_vol43_1019280.pdf Gallo, Iñigo, et al. "The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (2016).]</ref>. | ||
===Anchor effect=== | ===Anchor effect=== | ||
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[http://aeon.co/magazine/altered-states/why-we-love-repetition-in-music/ Repitition effect in music hits.] | [http://aeon.co/magazine/altered-states/why-we-love-repetition-in-music/ Repitition effect in music hits.] | ||
| + | ==Mechanism of System 1== | ||
| + | Temporal joins of objects probably happen in the working memory (For description on the neural mechanism of Working memory see this reference <ref>[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/702f/39118f36bc5b23f28ea145b747bcd7b160e6.pdf Constantinidis, Christos, and Torkel Klingberg. "The neuroscience of working memory capacity and training." Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2016).]</ref>). It seems that the joins are usually done base on the synaptic strength. Therefore the most rehearsed networks will be more available (This seems to be the mechanism of [[system 1]]). In case of [[ADD]] it seems that the the brain will have hard time to maintain a flow. It seems also that there is some mechanism that help the brain focus on specific objects. This is neede to be able to think about specific issues. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[category: Decision making]] | [[category: Decision making]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Neurocognitive]] |
[[category: psychology]] | [[category: psychology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:35, 4 September 2019
The automatic System (AS) also known as system 1. It excels in integrating information about single thing, but does not deal with several objects simultaneously. It uses broad relations like "all Xs are Y" or "X is higher then Y". It is good at habitual thinking and fast thinking[1]..
It is part of two systems of decision making, the first is the automatic-system(system 1) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the ECS which produce reasoning. The term system-1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West[2]
Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? system 2) and implicit (?system-1) decision making is done[3]. System-1 is handeld by the basal ganglia, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC[4][5][6].
it seems that intuition is based on system 1
Contents
Characteristics of System 1
From Kahnman, p. 106
- generates impressions, feelings, and inclinations; when endorsed by System 2 these become beliefs, attitudes, and intentions.
- operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort, and no sense of voluntary control
- can be programmed by System 2 to mobilize attention when a particular pattern is detected (search)
- executes skilled responses and generates skilled intuitions, after adequate training
- creates a coherent pattem of activated ideas in associative memory
- links a sense of cognitive ease to illusions of truth, pleasant feelings, and reduced vigilance
- distinguishes the surprising from the normal
- infers and invents causes and intentions
- neglects ambiguity and suppresses doubt
- is biased to believe and confirm
- exaggerates emotional consistency (halo effect)
- focuses on existing evidence and ignores absent evidence (WYSIATI; TDO)
- generates a limited set of basic assessments
- represents sets by norms and prototypes, does not integrate
- matches intensities across scales (e.g., size to loudness)
- computes more than intended (mental shotgun)
- sometimes substitutes an easier question for a difficult one (heuristics)
- is more sensitive to changes than to states (prospect theory)1
- overweights low probabilities.
- shows diminishing sensitivity to quantity (psychophysics)1
- responds more strongly to losses than to gains (loss aversion)1
- frames decision problems narrowly, in isolation from one another.
- Compare rather then give real values. Usualy compare to the first observd value (Anchor effect).
- Give more wight to theoris that were repeated more times or is represented more clearly.
Effects
People tend to use system 2 for material purchases, while using system 1 for experiential purchasing[7].
Anchor effect
Repititions
Robert Zajonc first demonstrated the ‘mere exposure effect’.
Repitition effect in music hits.
Mechanism of System 1
Temporal joins of objects probably happen in the working memory (For description on the neural mechanism of Working memory see this reference [8]). It seems that the joins are usually done base on the synaptic strength. Therefore the most rehearsed networks will be more available (This seems to be the mechanism of system 1). In case of ADD it seems that the the brain will have hard time to maintain a flow. It seems also that there is some mechanism that help the brain focus on specific objects. This is neede to be able to think about specific issues.
References
- ↑ Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36
- ↑ Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.
- ↑ Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67(summery)
- ↑ Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244
- ↑ Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press
- ↑ Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69
- ↑ Gallo, Iñigo, et al. "The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (2016).
- ↑ Constantinidis, Christos, and Torkel Klingberg. "The neuroscience of working memory capacity and training." Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2016).