View source for Values of deliberative-democracy

===Equality===
In a democracy, all citizens are considered equal members of society, with equal rights to participate in public decision making. To ensure that all citizens could take part in decision making, scholars of deliberative democracy suggested the public decision should follow these values:

===Transparent and falsifiable knowledge===
Decisions should be based on corroborated knowledge, which is the knowledge that was tested and verified by the public<ref>Popper, K. (2002). The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Routledge Classics). Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/Logic-Scientific-Discovery-Routledge-Classics/dp/0415278449</ref><ref>Popper, Karl Sir. The open society and its enemies. Routledge, 2012.‏</ref><ref>Habermas, J. (1986). Communicative rationality and the theories of meaning and action. Habermas (1998f), 183–214.</ref>. All public knowledge is transparent and is ready for public analysis and [[inclusiv information|understanding]]<ref>[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN006507.pdf Dror, Yebezkel. "Transparency and openness of quality democracy." Openness and transparency in governance: Challenges and opportunities (1999): 25-43.]‏</ref>. The public enjoys a free public sphere to deliberate <ref>Habermas, Jürgen. "The public sphere: An encyclopedia article." Media and cultural studies (2001): 73.‏</ref>. Deliberation is free. No other force other than reason can be used<ref>Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy, 342.</ref>. The public deliberate on common concerns<ref>Habermas 1989:xi</ref>.
===Inclusive and equal===
According to Habermas, Deliberation is [[Inclusive]], which means, every citizen, no matter what his qualities, should be able to participate on equal terms, without discrimination due to economic, education, or other causes: Citizens must have adequate and equal opportunities to form their preference and place questions on the public agenda and express reasons for one outcome over the other. Their voting is equal, and the knowledge should be engaged in a manner that will let every participant effectively understand the subject at hand<ref>Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critiques. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref>. 

===Openness===
The participants must keep open the possibility of changing their minds and continuing a reason-giving dialogue that can challenge previous decisions and laws<ref>Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson (2004). Why Deliberative Democracy? pp. 3-7.</ref>.

===Political capabilities===
The public develops political and deliberative competencies, as to manage his business with better competence in each iteration of dliberation<ref>[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/592f/ad7eb9d3a1a83115b0e0f938126ba880fd8b.pdf Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy, 342.]</ref>. 

===Control===
The public controls the process of deliberation and the agenda (Dahl).
'''The public controls the process of deliberation and the agenda '''(Dahl).

===Learning from experience===
After a decision, actions are taken by the public or executives of the public. the actions and the results are transparent, and the public can learn and improve its future decisions <ref>[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/592f/ad7eb9d3a1a83115b0e0f938126ba880fd8b.pdf Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy, 342.]</ref>. It seems that increasing political capability and learning from experience deliberative efficacy<ref>[https://www.publicdeliberation.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1502&context=jpd Geissel, Brigitte, and Pamela Hess. "Explaining Political Efficacy in Deliberative Procedures-A Novel Methodological Approach." Journal of Public Deliberation 13.2 (2017): 4.]</ref>.
==References==
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[[category: theory]]
[[category: values]]