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→The causes in the light of brain research
# The mechanism - Its understanding is still lacking.
## High ACC activity as well as High ERN amplitude, create ''anxiety'' or ''depression'', thus highly sensitive to punishment <ref>see also Tucker et al., 1999; Luu et al., 2000</ref>.
## Low ACC acitivity or Low ERN amplitude in punishment is correlated with low sociability. Normal socialty have same amplitude for punishment and reward<ref>Dikman and Allen (2000)</ref>.
# According to the mechanism
#Cases of Learning