[[LC-NE system]] and [[ACC]] may modulate [[attention|aroused attention]] ([[Larning and pupil size|learning?]])) in a novel environment and new social environment<ref>Heinrich S Gompf, Christine Mathai, Patrick M Fuller, David A Wood, Nigel P Pedersen, Clifford B Saper, and Jun Lu, 2011, Locus coeruleus (LC) and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment, Neurosci. Oct 27, 2010; 30(43): 14543–14551.</ref>. [[LC-NE system|LC]] receives prominent, direct inputs from the anterior cingulate ([[ACC]]) and orbitofrontal cortices ([[OFC]]), both of which are thought to monitor task-related (explotation) utility<ref>[http://utd.edu/~mxa049000/lessons/research/literature/attention/Aston%20Jones%20NE%20annurev%2005.pdf Gary Aston-Jones, and Jonathan D. Cohen. 2005, AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS COERULEUS-NOREPINEPHRINE FUNCTION: Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance, Annual Review of Neuroscience Vol. 28: 403-450]</ref>