Usually People uses Decision making is that people look at the pros and cons of different courses of action and assign a positive value to the pros and a negative value to the cons. Then they evaluate the probabilities that the pro will happen, as opposed to the con. On the basis of this evaluation, they make the choice that has the best possible outcome<ref>Games At Work: How to Recognize and Reduce Office Politics by Mauricio Goldstein, Phil Read, Kevin Cashman, p.110</ref>.==Group Decision making==Group decision making raze many problems and obstacles. The basic problem is the [[the problem of coordination|problem of connection lines]], which implies that as the number of members in a group of decision makers grows, the time needed for decision making raze by the power. Another problem is the need to create mutual language (also calle [[SON]]). And also, different deductions, different values and different interests, may make coordination even more complex. Above these, there is a need for mutual culture of deliberation which enables productive discussion, a culture that permit criticism (which is needed for falsification) and culture that enable the creation of the minmiun-sublte solution which is needed for effective solutions. ===See also===*[[finding creative solutions in a group|Finding creative solutions in a group]]*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_of_silence#Background Spiral of silence]*[[decision making in social networks]]*[http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-on-communication-studies/s14-03-problem-solving-and-decision-m.html Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups] ==Intuitive Decision Making==Most of the time, people use intutive thinking when they make decisions, which is carried by [[system 1]] . Intutive thinking is somtimes not logical, nor it is sutiable to decideprecise reasoning (which is handeld by [[system 2]]). This creates logical mistakes, and may influance decision making proufundly. Understanding the way system 1 works, is important to thus who want to faciltate wise deicsion by [[deliberation]].Most of the work in this page was based on Kahnaman's book "Thinking Fast&Slow"<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/0374275637 Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (p. 512). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.]</ref> automatic decision making is more prevalent when most of the information is known, whereas slow decision making is more prevalent when a new knowledge must be acquired<ref>[http://journal.sjdm.org/13/13426/jdm13426.html Deliberation versus automaticity in decision making: Which presentation format features facilitate automatic decision making?, 2013, Anke Söllner, Arndt Bröder, Benjamin E. Hilbig]</ref> ===Biased Observations=== ====Media Baised Observations====To sell, the media should produce interesting news, therefore it will describe only events that may interest it's public. Kahneman suggested that the reason he thought that politicians fornicate more then physician and lawyers, is since politicians are the subject of news, while the others do not make headlines when they are caught in adultery (Kahneman, p. 7). He suggested that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias media bias] will influence much of what we think about the world, and divert our ability get well informed and unbiased information. They  Media bodies will try also [[Framing|frame]] the message in such a way as to conceive their readers give faith in the agenda that the media owners maintain. ====Emotional Baised Observations==== =====Fear Baised Observations=====People that are [[Deciding between optionsFFFF|decide which optionstressed]] may look at their surrounding in more dichotomic view, sorting the social world in to good and bad, and will give best valuesgeneralized from very few observations. Especially if the subject of observation is categorized as bad. For instance if a member of another ethnic group will behave in a negative way, based on information gatherd the observer will conclude that all the members of the ethnic group behaves in a similar negative way. This is due the need of the [[dlPFCFFFF]]system, which is activated feeling of emergency, to make very fast decisions. It has to decide whether other subjects may harm us or help us. Usually, Conservatives are more liable to dichotomic views, caused by fear<ref>[http://wwwfaculty.yorkuvirginia.caedu/vgoelhaidtlab/reprints/Goel_Cognition_03jost.glaser.political-conservatism-as-motivated-social-cog.pdf DolanJohen, RJ., Explaining modulation of reasoning by beliefGlaser, J., Kruglanski, A., Cognition& Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 87129(3), 1, B11-B22339–375.]</ref>, but there are observations that people with far left-wingers also may have inclination to dichotomic observations. The Marxists theory divide the world in to proletarions and owners of the means of production, the frist are good, while the latter are bad, and the redumption of the working class can only come after a strugle between the two parties. =====Affect heuristic===== For more details read Kahnman's Thinking fast and calculated slow, p. 103 The affect heuristic is a heuristic, a mental shortcut that allows people to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently, in which current emotion—fear, pleasure, surprise, etc.—influences decisions. In which people lets their likes and dislikes detrmain their beliefs about the world. In other words, it is a type of heuristic in which emotional response, or "affect" in psychological terms, plays a lead role. It is a subconscious process that shortens the decision-making process and allows people to function without having to complete an extensive search for information. It is shorter in duration than a mood, occurring rapidly and involuntarily in response to a stimulus. Reading the words "lung cancer" usually generates an affect of dread, while reading the words "mother's love" usually generates an feeling of affection and comfort. The affect heuristic is typically used while judging the risks and benefits of something, depending on the positive or negative feelings that people associate with a stimulus. It is the equivalent of "going with your gut". If their feelings towards an activity are positive, then people are more likely to judge the risks as low and the benefits high. On the other hand, if their feelings towards an activity are negative, they are more likely perceive the risks as high and benefits low. It seems that affect heuistic, is one of the main casues of deicisions-by-emotions. Kahanm wrote that [[system 2]] is lazy and therefore it does not stop [[system 1]] heurisitic problem solving. To change it, we hace to activate [[system 2]] by the [[vmPFCRPE]]or some other procedure. Dolan  Khanaman also found wrote that we substitute "logical" questions to emotional and asociative questions. Therefore, our basic reasons are usualy emotional. ===Baised Perception=======Truthnness Effect====When something was stemped in the PFC also connected neural networks, it has a feeling of femiliarity. If it will be encounter again in hearing or reading, it will be sound more true. Accordingly, when one rights good (According to conflict solvingthe roles of [http://www.unc.edu/~haipeng/teaching/sci.pdf The science of scientific writing])<ref>Kahnman, Thinking slaw and fast, 2011 (the truthness effect)</ref> ====Dunning-Kurger effect====

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect More on wikipedia] The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating their ability much higher than average. This bias is attributed to a metacognitive inability of the unskilled to recognize their mistakes. Actual competence may weaken self-confidence, as competent individuals may falsely assume that others have an equivalent understanding. David Dunning and Justin Kruger of Cornell University conclude, "the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others"<ref> Kruger, Justin; David Dunning (1999). "[[feeling of knowledge|Unskilled and Unaware of It]]: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (6): 1121–34.</ref> ===Overcomming of errors in decision making,due to intutive decision making===I will suggest ([[User:WinSysop|Tal Yaron]]) that for most of these difficualties, the solution will be a very constructed, [[PFC]] style talk, can improve the results. Also making knowledge explicit, and testeable, will make it more reliable (Popper's demarcation creterion) ===See Also===* MindTool - [http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/avoiding-psychological-bias.htm#np Avoiding Psychological Bias in Decision Making] ==Brain process involving decision making== [[File:Indevidual decision operatous.jpg|center|640px]] Usually People uses [[system 1]] to decide. They will try to [[options|decide which option]] will give best [[value|values]], based on information gatherd in the [[dlPFC]]<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/vgoel/reprints/Goel_Cognition_03.pdf Dolan, R., Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief, Cognition, 2003, 87, 1, B11-B22]</ref>, and calculated by the [[vmPFC]]<ref>[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~psh/European_Journal_of_Neuroscience_2012_Sokol-Hessner.pdf Sokol-Hessner et al., Decision value computation in DLPFC and VMPFC adjusts to the available decision time, 2012]</ref>. Dolan also found that the PFC also connected to conflict solving. When people scurtenise the world, they are compering the phenomena to information they gatherd in their [[NMOMON]]s. A contrediction is detected by the [[ACC]] and will intiate [[RPE]], which activate [[system 2]] in order to solve the contrediction. system 2 will oprate also when a novel task or complext rational task will presnt themselves.