Dopamine
Dopamine appear to play a central role in cost-benefit analysis[1]. It seems to be part of the reward sytem There appear to be multiple dopamine-sensitive decision regions.dopamine is responsible for cognitive alertness(? source needed) and working memory[2].
Dopamine depletion in ventral striatum reduces propensity for physical effort [3] D1 (dopamine 1) receptor blockade in ACC reduces preference for expending effort for rats[4].It is non-discriminative between reward types, dopaminergic firing in VTA does appear to reflect subjective (action) value with integrated responses to both delay and reward amount[5]. Dopaminergic neurons send diffuse projections to striatum (nigrostriatal pathway) and prefrontal cortex (mesocortical pathway) and thereby transmit a pleasure values or teaching signal to a variety of brain regions, for learning, stimulus evaluation, and directed action. [6].
Dopamine agonists can cause pathological gambling behavior[7][8]. This finding is in support of the theory that people with less rewards will try to enhance the rewards, by taking more risks.
Genetic polymorphisms affecting DRD2 receptor expression alter neuronal responses to food reward[9]
DRD4 polymorphisms modulate the incentive value of alcohol in alcoholics[10]
References
- ↑ Phillips PEM, Walton ME, Jhou TC. Calculating utility: Preclinical evidence for cost– benefit analysis by mesolimbic dopamine. Psychopharmacology. 2007;191: 483– 495.
- ↑ D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory, T Sawaguchi and PS Goldman-Rakic, Science 22 February 1991: 251 (4996), 947-950.
- ↑ Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar A, Mingote SM. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology. 2007;191: 461– 482.
- ↑ Schweimer J, Hauber W. Dopamine D1 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex regulate effort-based decision-making. Learning & Memory. 2006;13: 777–782
- ↑ Roesch MR, Calu DJ, Schoenbaum G. Dopamine neurons encode the better option in rats deciding between differently delayed or sized rewards. Nature Neuroscience. 2007;10: 1615– 1624.
- ↑ Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, et al. Dopamine increases in striatum do not elicit craving in cocaine abusers unless they are coupled with cocaine cues. NeuroImage. 2008;39: 1266– 1273)
- ↑ Gallagher DA, O’Sullivan SS, Evans AH, Lees AJ, Schrag A. Pathological gambling in Parkinson’s disease: Risk factors and differences from dopamine dysregulation An analysis of published case series. Movement Disorders. 2007;22: 1757– 1763.
- ↑ Agnes Norbury, Sanjay Manohar, Robert D. Rogers and Masud Husain,, 2013, Dopamine Modulates Risk Taking as a Function of Baseline Sensation-Seeking Trait, The Journal of Neuroscience, 7 August 2013, 33(32):12982-12986
- ↑ Felsted JA, Ren X, Chouinard-Decorte F, Small DM. Genetically determined differences in brain response to a primary food reward. Journal of Neuroscience. 2010;30: 2428– 2432.
- ↑ MacKillop J, Menges DP, McGeary JE, Lisman SA. Effects of craving and DRD4 VNTR genotype on the relative value of alcohol: An initial human laboratory study. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2007;3: 11