[[file: LC-NE-exploration_explotation3.jpg|center]].

Converging evidence suggests that baseline pupil diameter is correlated with tonic levels of [[LC-NE system|LC-NE]] activity in rats, cats and monkeys<ref>Aston-Jones, G. & Cohen, J.D. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus–norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 403–450 (2005). </ref><ref>Koss, M.C. Pupillary dilation as an index of central nervous system α2-adrenoceptor activation. J. Pharmacol. Methods 15, 1–19 (1986). </ref>, as with human behaviors that are predicted to be associated with tonic LC-NE activity in a variety of experimental tasks and manipulations<ref>Gilzenrat, M.S., Nieuwenhuis, S., Jepma, M. & Cohen, J.D. Pupil diameter tracks changes in control state predicted by the adaptive gain theory of locus coeruleus function. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 10, 252–269 (2010).</ref><ref>Jepma, M. & Nieuwenhuis, S. Pupil diameter predicts changes in the exploration-exploitation trade-off: evidence for the adaptive gain theory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1587–1596 (2011). </ref><ref>Einhäuser, W., Stout, J., Koch, C. & Carter, O.L. Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1704–1709 (2008).</ref><ref>Murphy, P.R., Robertson, I.H., Balsters, J.H. & O'Connell, R.G. Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic arousal function in humans. Psychophysiology 48, 1532–1543 (2011). </ref>

[[RPE]] can cause [[pupil dilation]] in the case of risk error prediction<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183372/ Preuschoff, K., Marius’t Hart, B., & Einhäuser, W. (2011). Pupil dilation signals surprise: evidence for noradrenaline’s role in decision making. Frontiers in neuroscience, 5]</ref>. Also intimidating faces can cause pupil dilation<ref>Tomer from Haifa, 2015, in publication</ref>.

==References==

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