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Hate speech

152 bytes added, 05:28, 10 February 2015
→‎Measuring incivility, flaming and rage
===Measuring incivility, flaming and rage===
====Papacharissi, Z. (2004)====Papacharissi, Z. (2004)<ref>Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259–283.</ref>:
According to Papacharissi (2004), incivility can "be operationalized as the set of behaviors that threaten democracy, deny people their personal freedoms, and stereotype social groups" (p. 267). The researcher developed an index to code for civility or lack thereof in online political discussions. This index consisted of the three following questions, and if the answer to at least one of them was affirmative, the message was labeled uncivil (p.274).
**Jamieson, K.H. (1997) ‘Civility in the House of Representatives. APPC Report 10’, URL (consulted March 1997): http://appcpenn.org/pubs.htm.
Jamieson, K.H. and E. Falk (1998) ‘Civility in the House of Representatives: An update/ APPC Report 20’, URL (consulted November 1998): http://appcpenn.org/pubs.htm.
====Sobieraj, S. & Berry, J.M. (20110====Sobieraj, S. & Berry, J.M. (2011)<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360 Sobieraj, S. & Berry, J.M. (2011). From incivility to outrage: Political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news. Political Communication, 28(1), 19-41.]</ref>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360
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