[[ignorance|Laymen ]] and Experts have diffrent levels of knowledge. One of the main chalanges of deliberation is how to bridge this gap. see for instance the two three levels deliberation by Chrisiano 2012<ref>Christiano, T. (2012). Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds.), Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale (pp. 27–51). Cambridge University Press.</ref>