Unskilled people tend to overestimate their knowledge<ref> Kruger, Justin; David Dunning (1999). "[[feeling of knowledge|Unskilled and Unaware of It]]: [http://www.psoriasissociety.ttsg.org/pdfs/Dunning-Kruger%20Effect.pdf How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments]". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (6): 1121–34.</ref><ref>Kennedy, Ellen J., Leigh Lawton, and E. Leroy Plumlee. "Blissful ignorance: The problem of unrecognized incompetence and academic performance." Journal of Marketing Education 24.3 (2002): 243-252.‏</ref><ref>Dunning, David, et al. "Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12.3 (2003): 83-87.‏</ref><ref>Dunning, David, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Suls. "Flawed self-assessment implications for health, education, and the workplace." Psychological science in the public interest 5.3 (2004): 69-106.‏</ref>. A deliberation based on poor knowledge was named "low information rationality" by Popkin<ref>Popkin, S. L. (1994). The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. University of Chicago Press.</ref>.