The most common direct measurement of deliberation in small groups is what we call discussion analysis, which includes a range of methods used to systematically evaluate the communication engaged in during a deliberative discussion (also called ''micro-measurments''). Another common method used for the direct study of deliberation is to ask participants for their own assessments of the deliberative process (also called ''macro-measurments''). This is typically done through post-deliberation surveys or interviews in which respondents reflect on their experience as a participant and answer questions about the deliberative quality of the discussion. The case study will be the final direct approach we review. Discussion.

=====Bachtiger 2009=====