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Metabolic state itself may thus directly affect the neural expression of preference, exemplified by findings that physiological state influence preferences for economic risk in humans<ref>Symmonds M, Emmanuel J, Drew M, Batterham R, Dolan R. Metabolic state alters economic decision-making under risk in humans. PLoS ONE. 2010b; 5: e11090.</ref>
Genetic polymorphisms affecting DRD2 receptor expression alter neuronal responses to food [[rewards|reward]]<ref>Felsted JA, Ren X, Chouinard-Decorte F, Small DM. Genetically determined differences in brain response to a primary food reward. Journal of Neuroscience. 2010;30: 2428– 2432.</ref>
DRD4 polymorphisms modulate the incentive [[value]] of alcohol in alcoholics<ref>MacKillop J, Menges DP, McGeary JE, Lisman SA. Effects of craving and DRD4 VNTR genotype on the relative value of alcohol: An initial human laboratory study. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2007;3: 11</ref>
===Impulsivity===