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Learning is induced because of surprise. The d[[ACC]] is concerned more with attention and motor control processes involved in behavioral adjustment. The dopamine [[RPE]] system is the process from which a learning is happening<ref>Benjamin Y. Hayden1,2, Sarah R. Heilbronner, John M. Pearson, and Michael L. Platt, Surprise Signals in Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Neuronal Encoding of Unsigned Reward Prediction Errors Driving Adjustment in Behavior, ''The Journal of Neuroscience'', 16 March 2011, 31(11): 4178-4187</ref>.
In old age the is decline in RPE<ref>Eppinger, Ben, et al. "Reduced Striatal Responses to Reward Prediction Errors in Older Compared with Younger Adults." The Journal of Neuroscience 33.24 (2013): 9905-9912.</ref>, but usage of L-dopa can increase the RPE again<ref>[http://www.variational-bayes.org/~qhuys/pub/ChowdhuryEa13-DAValue.pdf Chowdhury, Rumana, et al. "Dopamine restores reward prediction errors in old age." Nature neuroscience (2013).]</ref>
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