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The ACC has pivotal role in excutive process, motivation, alocation of attentional resources, premotor function,and error detection<ref>Turken AU & Swick D, responce selection in the ACC, ''Nat Neurosci.'', 1999, 920-4</ref>.
 
  
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The [[ACC]] is activated by modrate to strong pain<ref>[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/310.full.pdf Casey 1994]</ref> and it has strong opoite receptors (That is knowen to reduce pain)<ref>[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/310.full.pdf Jones 1991]</ref>.In the ACC there are regions that are activated by pain. and there are areas that are activated by attention<ref>[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/310.full.pdf Vogt 1992]</ref><ref>[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/310.full.pdf Davis 1997]</ref>. They are in part adjacent to each other<ref>[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/310.full.pdf Hsiah 1995]</ref>.
 
  
 
The '''anterior cingulate cortex''' (ACC) is the frontal part of the [[cingulate cortex]], that resembles a "collar" form around the [[corpus callosum]], the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left [[cerebral hemisphere]]s of the brain.  It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32 and 33. It appears to play a role in a wide variety of [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, [[Decision Making|decision making]], empathy<ref>http://ccare.stanford.edu/node/89</ref> and emotion.<ref>Decety, J., & Jackson, P.L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100.</ref><ref>Jackson P.L., Brunet E., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J., 2006 Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain: An event-related fMRI study, ''Neuropsychologia'', 44, pp. 752–61</ref>
 
The '''anterior cingulate cortex''' (ACC) is the frontal part of the [[cingulate cortex]], that resembles a "collar" form around the [[corpus callosum]], the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left [[cerebral hemisphere]]s of the brain.  It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32 and 33. It appears to play a role in a wide variety of [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, [[Decision Making|decision making]], empathy<ref>http://ccare.stanford.edu/node/89</ref> and emotion.<ref>Decety, J., & Jackson, P.L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100.</ref><ref>Jackson P.L., Brunet E., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J., 2006 Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain: An event-related fMRI study, ''Neuropsychologia'', 44, pp. 752–61</ref>
  
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In decision making it is thought to detect conflicts between two deductions<ref>[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n10/abs/nn1979.html Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism,  2007, Amodio et al. Nature neuroscience] ([http://www.talyaron.com/wiki/index.php?title=Neurocognitive_correlates_of_liberalism_and_conservatism_2007 Summery in Hebrew])</ref><ref>[http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/796.full Jin Fan, Patrick R. Hof, Kevin G. Guise, John A. Fossella and Michael I. Posner, The Functional Integration of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Conflict Processing, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 18 Issue 4, p. 796-805.]</ref> and [[value evaluation in the brain|evaluating]] the [[rewards]] of actions<ref>[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v9/n7/abs/nn1724.html Kennerley et al., Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex, Nature Neuroscience 9, 940 - 947 (2006)] </ref>. On the integration of these finding please read this [http://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~mousseau/pmwiki-2.1.5/uploads/Bibliographie/13.pdf article]. A [http://www.princeton.edu/~matthewb/Publications/BotvinickCohenCarter2004.pdf good article summerising the relation of ACC and conflicts].
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In decision making it is thought to detect conflicts between two deductions<ref>[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n10/abs/nn1979.html Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism,  2007, Amodio et al. Nature neuroscience] ([http://www.talyaron.com/wiki/index.php?title=Neurocognitive_correlates_of_liberalism_and_conservatism_2007 Summery in Hebrew])</ref><ref>[http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/796.full Jin Fan, Patrick R. Hof, Kevin G. Guise, John A. Fossella and Michael I. Posner, The Functional Integration of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Conflict Processing, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 18 Issue 4, p. 796-805.]</ref> and [[value evaluation in the brain|evaluating]] the [[rewards]] of actions<ref>[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v9/n7/abs/nn1724.html Kennerley et al., Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex, Nature Neuroscience 9, 940 - 947 (2006)] </ref>. On the integration of these finding please read this [http://www.lamsade.dauphine.fr/~mousseau/pmwiki-2.1.5/uploads/Bibliographie/13.pdf article].
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In order to resolve an emotional conflict the rostal[[ACC]] inhibits the amygdala (or [[FFFF]] mechanism)<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.126.1555&rep=rep1&type=pdf Amit Etkin, Tobias Egner, Daniel M. Peraza, Eric R. Kandel and Joy Hirsch, Resolving Emotional Conflict: A Role for the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Modulating Activity in the Amygdala, Neuron 51, 1–12, September 7, 2006]</ref>. This is strengthing by the findings that in panic disorder, the volume of the the ACC is reduced, <ref>[https://www.slicer.org/slicerWeb/images/2/2c/Asami-PsychiatryClinNeurosci2008.pdf Takeshi et al., Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2008; 62: 322–330]</ref> . When the ACC (ACcd) has deficient in activation, there seem to be more impolsivity in ADHD compered to control group<ref>[http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/speech/booth/james/neuropsychology/AttentionArticles/BushFrazier.1999.pdf low ACcd activity and ADHD impulsivity, 1999]</ref>. When anticipating pain, women domnstrate more activation of the ACC<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/16012355/reload=0;jsessionid=fBlS5IiTyyjXq46t6m68.12 Gender difrences in ACC before pain, 2005]</ref>.  
 
In order to resolve an emotional conflict the rostal[[ACC]] inhibits the amygdala (or [[FFFF]] mechanism)<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.126.1555&rep=rep1&type=pdf Amit Etkin, Tobias Egner, Daniel M. Peraza, Eric R. Kandel and Joy Hirsch, Resolving Emotional Conflict: A Role for the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Modulating Activity in the Amygdala, Neuron 51, 1–12, September 7, 2006]</ref>. This is strengthing by the findings that in panic disorder, the volume of the the ACC is reduced, <ref>[https://www.slicer.org/slicerWeb/images/2/2c/Asami-PsychiatryClinNeurosci2008.pdf Takeshi et al., Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2008; 62: 322–330]</ref> . When the ACC (ACcd) has deficient in activation, there seem to be more impolsivity in ADHD compered to control group<ref>[http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/speech/booth/james/neuropsychology/AttentionArticles/BushFrazier.1999.pdf low ACcd activity and ADHD impulsivity, 1999]</ref>. When anticipating pain, women domnstrate more activation of the ACC<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/16012355/reload=0;jsessionid=fBlS5IiTyyjXq46t6m68.12 Gender difrences in ACC before pain, 2005]</ref>.  
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[[File:Gray727 anterior cingulate cortex.png|thumb|alt=Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.|Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.]]
 
[[File:Gray727 anterior cingulate cortex.png|thumb|alt=Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.|Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.]]

Revision as of 16:58, 1 September 2012


The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a "collar" form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32 and 33. It appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision making, empathy[1] and emotion.[2][3]

In decision making it is thought to detect conflicts between two deductions[4][5] and evaluating the rewards of actions[6]. On the integration of these finding please read this article.

In order to resolve an emotional conflict the rostalACC inhibits the amygdala (or FFFF mechanism)[7]. This is strengthing by the findings that in panic disorder, the volume of the the ACC is reduced, [8] . When the ACC (ACcd) has deficient in activation, there seem to be more impolsivity in ADHD compered to control group[9]. When anticipating pain, women domnstrate more activation of the ACC[10].

Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with anterior cingulate highlighted.

Other close areas

  • Theory of cognitive dissonance[11]

References

  1. ↑ http://ccare.stanford.edu/node/89
  2. ↑ Decety, J., & Jackson, P.L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100.
  3. ↑ Jackson P.L., Brunet E., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J., 2006 Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain: An event-related fMRI study, Neuropsychologia, 44, pp. 752–61
  4. ↑ Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism, 2007, Amodio et al. Nature neuroscience (Summery in Hebrew)
  5. ↑ Jin Fan, Patrick R. Hof, Kevin G. Guise, John A. Fossella and Michael I. Posner, The Functional Integration of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Conflict Processing, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 18 Issue 4, p. 796-805.
  6. ↑ Kennerley et al., Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex, Nature Neuroscience 9, 940 - 947 (2006)
  7. ↑ Amit Etkin, Tobias Egner, Daniel M. Peraza, Eric R. Kandel and Joy Hirsch, Resolving Emotional Conflict: A Role for the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Modulating Activity in the Amygdala, Neuron 51, 1–12, September 7, 2006
  8. ↑ Takeshi et al., Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2008; 62: 322–330
  9. ↑ low ACcd activity and ADHD impulsivity, 1999
  10. ↑ Gender difrences in ACC before pain, 2005
  11. ↑ Festinger, L. (1957). A theory ofcognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson
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